在 Address 对象上调用 format() 方法的代码可能看上去很棒 — 这段代码所做的是使用 Address 类，调用 format() 并完成。相反，Address 类就没那么幸运。它需要了解用于正确格式化的各种格式化方法，这可能使 Address 对象无法被其他人很好地重用，尤其是在其他人没有兴趣在 format() 方法中使用格式化方法类的情况下。虽然使用 Address 的代码没有许多依赖关系，但是 Address 类却有大量代码，而它可能只是一个简单的数据对象。
Address 类与知道如何格式化 Address 对象的实现类紧密耦合。
好习惯：在对象之间松散耦合
在构建优秀的 OO 设计时，必须考虑称为关注点分离（Separation of Concerns，SoC）的概念。SoC 指尝试通过真正关注的内容分离对象，从而降低耦合度。在最初的 Address 类中，它必须关注如何进行格式化。这可能不是优秀的设计。然而，Address 类应当考虑 Address 的各部分，而某种格式化方法应当关注如何正确格式化地址。
在清单 9 中，格式化地址的代码被移到接口、实现类和工厂中 — 养成 “使用接口” 的习惯。现在，AddressFormatUtils 类负责创建格式化方法并格式化 Address。任何其他对象现在都可以使用 Address 而不必担心要求获得格式化方法的定义。
清单 9. 在对象之间松散耦合的好习惯
<?php
interface AddressFormatter
{
public function format($addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state,
$postalCode, $country);
}
class MultiLineAddressFormatter implements AddressFormatter
{
public function format($addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state,
$postalCode, $country)
{
return sprintf("%s\n%s\n%s, %s %s\n%s",
$addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state, $postalCode, $country);
}
}
class InlineAddressFormatter implements AddressFormatter
{
public function format($addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state,
$postalCode, $country)
{
return sprintf("%s %s, %s, %s %s %s",
$addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state, $postalCode, $country);
}
}
class AddressFormatUtils
{
public static function formatAddress($type, $address)
{
$formatter = AddressFormatUtils::createAddressFormatter($type);
return $formatter->format($address->getAddressLine1(),
$address->getAddressLine2(),
$address->getCity(), $address->getState(),
$address->getPostalCode(),
$address->getCountry());
}
private static function createAddressFormatter($type)
{
if ($type == "inline") {
$formatter = new InlineAddressFormatter();
} else if ($type == "multiline") {
$formatter = new MultilineAddressFormatter();
} else {
$formatter = new NullAddressFormatter();
}
return $formatter;
}
}
$addr = new Address();
$addr->setAddressLine1("123 Any St.");
$addr->setAddressLine2("Ste 200");
$addr->setCity("Anytown");
$addr->setState("AY");
$addr->setPostalCode("55555-0000");
$addr->setCountry("US");
echo(AddressFormatUtils::formatAddress("multiline", $addr));
echo("\n");
echo(AddressFormatUtils::formatAddress("inline", $addr));
echo("\n");
?>
interface AddressFormatter
{
public function format($addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state,
$postalCode, $country);
}
class MultiLineAddressFormatter implements AddressFormatter
{
public function format($addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state,
$postalCode, $country)
{
return sprintf("%s\n%s\n%s, %s %s\n%s",
$addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state, $postalCode, $country);
}
}
class InlineAddressFormatter implements AddressFormatter
{
public function format($addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state,
$postalCode, $country)
{
return sprintf("%s %s, %s, %s %s %s",
$addressLine1, $addressLine2, $city, $state, $postalCode, $country);
}
}
class AddressFormatUtils
{
public static function formatAddress($type, $address)
{
$formatter = AddressFormatUtils::createAddressFormatter($type);
return $formatter->format($address->getAddressLine1(),
$address->getAddressLine2(),
$address->getCity(), $address->getState(),
$address->getPostalCode(),
$address->getCountry());
}
private static function createAddressFormatter($type)
{
if ($type == "inline") {
$formatter = new InlineAddressFormatter();
} else if ($type == "multiline") {
$formatter = new MultilineAddressFormatter();
} else {
$formatter = new NullAddressFormatter();
}
return $formatter;
}
}
$addr = new Address();
$addr->setAddressLine1("123 Any St.");
$addr->setAddressLine2("Ste 200");
$addr->setCity("Anytown");
$addr->setState("AY");
$addr->setPostalCode("55555-0000");
$addr->setCountry("US");
echo(AddressFormatUtils::formatAddress("multiline", $addr));
echo("\n");
echo(AddressFormatUtils::formatAddress("inline", $addr));
echo("\n");
?>
当然，缺点是只要使用模式，通常就意味着工件（类、文件）的数量会增加。但是，通过减少每个类中的维护可以弥补这个缺点，甚至在获得正确的可重用性时反而可以减少工件量。
