情况三：查询条件用到了索引中列的精确匹配，但是中间某个条件未提供。
view sourceprint?EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
此时索引使用情况和情况二相同，因为title未提供，所以查询只用到了索引的第一列，而后面的from_date虽然也在索引中，但是由于title不存在而无法和左前缀连接，因此需要对结果进行扫描过滤from_date(这里由于emp_no唯一，所以不存在扫描)。如果想让from_date也使用索引而不是where过滤，可以增加一个辅助索引，此时上面的查询会使用这个索引。除此之外，还可以使用一种称之为“隔离列”的优化方法，将emp_no与from_date之间的“坑”填上。
首先我们看下title一共有几种不同的值：
SELECT DISTINCT(title) FROM employees.titles;
+--------------------+
| title |
+--------------------+
| Senior Engineer |
| Staff |
| Engineer |
| Senior Staff |
| Assistant Engineer |
| Technique Leader |
| Manager |
+--------------------+
+--------------------+
| title |
+--------------------+
| Senior Engineer |
| Staff |
| Engineer |
| Senior Staff |
| Assistant Engineer |
| Technique Leader |
| Manager |
+--------------------+
只有7种。在这种成为“坑”的列值比较少的情况下，可以考虑用“IN”来填补这个“坑”从而形成最左前缀：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles
WHERE emp_no='10001'
AND title IN ('Senior Engineer', 'Staff', 'Engineer', 'Senior Staff', 'Assistant Engineer', 'Technique Leader', 'Manager')
AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | NULL | 7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
WHERE emp_no='10001'
AND title IN ('Senior Engineer', 'Staff', 'Engineer', 'Senior Staff', 'Assistant Engineer', 'Technique Leader', 'Manager')
AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | NULL | 7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
这次key_len为59，说明索引被用全了，但是从type和rows看出IN实际上执行了一个range查询，这里检查了7个key。看下两种查询的性能比较：
“填坑”后性能提升了一点。如果经过emp_no筛选后余下很多数据，则后者性能优势会更加明显。当然，如果title的值很多，用填坑就不合适了，必须建立辅助索引。
情况四：查询条件没有指定索引第一列。
Query_ID | Duration | Query +----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | 0.00058000 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26'|
| 11 | 0.00052500 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title IN ... |
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 10 | 0.00058000 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND from_date='1986-06-26'|
| 11 | 0.00052500 | SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title IN ... |
+----------+------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
由于不是最左前缀，索引这样的查询显然用不到索引。
