技术开发 频道

Oracle Redo并行机制

  Private strand

  为了进一步降低redo buffer冲突,在10g中引入了新的strand机制——Private strand。Private strand不是从log buffer中划分的,而是在shared pool中分配的一块内存空间。 

HELLODBA.COM>select * from V$sgastat where name like '%strand%';

  POOL NAME BYTES

  
------------ -------------------------- ----------

  shared pool private strands
2684928

  HELLODBA.COM
>select indx,strand_size_kcrfa from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  INDX STRAND_SIZE_KCRFA

  
---------- -----------------

  
2 66560

  
3 66560

  
4 66560

  
5 66560

  
6 66560

  
7 66560

  
8 66560

  ...

  Private strand的引入为Oracle的Redo/Undo机制带来很大的变化。每一个Private strand受到一个单独的redo allocation latch保护,每个Private strand作为“私有的”strand只会服务于一个活动事务。获取到了Private strand的用户事务不是在PGA中而是在Private strand生成Redo,当flush private strand或者commit时,Private strand被批量写入log文件中。如果新事务申请不到Private strand的redo allocation latch,则会继续遵循旧的redo buffer机制,申请写入shared strand中。事务是否使用Private strand,可以由x$ktcxb的字段ktcxbflg的新增的第13位鉴定:

 HELLODBA.COM>select decode(bitand(ktcxbflg, 4096),0,1,0) used_private_strand, count(*)

  
2 from x$ktcxb

  
3 where bitand(ksspaflg, 1) != 0

  
4 and bitand(ktcxbflg, 2) != 0

  
5 group by bitand(ktcxbflg, 4096);

  USED_PRIVATE_STRAND
COUNT(*)

  
------------------- ----------

  
1 10

  
0 1

  对于使用Private strand的事务,无需先申请Redo Copy Latch,也无需申请Shared Strand的redo allocation latch,而是flush或commit是批量写入磁盘,因此减少了Redo Copy Latch和redo allocation latch申请/释放次数、也减少了这些latch的等待,从而降低了CPU的负荷。过程如下:

  事务开始 -> 申请Private strand的redo allocation latch (申请失败则申请Shared Strand的redo allocation latch) -> 在Private strand中生产Redo Enrey -> Flush/Commit -> 申请Redo Copy Latch -> 服务进程将Redo Entry批量写入Log File -> 释放Redo Copy Latch -> 释放Private strand的redo allocation latch

  注意:对于未能获取到Private strand的redo allocation latch的事务,在事务结束前,即使已经有其它事务释放了Private strand,也不会再申请Private strand了。

  每个Private strand的大小为65K。10g中,shared pool中的Private strands的大小就是活跃会话数乘以65K,而11g中,在shared pool中需要为每个Private strand额外分配4k的管理空间,即:数量*69k。

 --10g:

  SQL
> select * from V$sgastat where name like '%strand%';

  POOL NAME BYTES

  
------------ -------------------------- ----------

  shared pool private strands
1198080

  HELLODBA.COM
>select trunc(value * KSPPSTVL / 100) * 65 * 1024

  
2 from (select value from v$parameter where name = 'transactions') a,

  
3 (select val.KSPPSTVL

  
4 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  
5 where nam.indx = val.indx

  
6 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_parallelism_mul') b;

  TRUNC(VALUE
*KSPPSTVL/100)*65*1024

  
-------------------------------------

  
1198080

  
--11g:

  HELLODBA.COM
>select * from V$sgastat where name like '%strand%';

  POOL NAME BYTES

  
------------ -------------------------- ----------

  shared pool private strands
706560

  HELLODBA.COM
>select trunc(value * KSPPSTVL / 100) * (65 + 4) * 1024

  
2 from (select value from v$parameter where name = 'transactions') a,

  
3 (select val.KSPPSTVL

  
4 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  
5 where nam.indx = val.indx

  
6 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_parallelism_mul') b;

  TRUNC(VALUE
*KSPPSTVL/100)*(65+4)*1024

  
-------------------------------------

  
706560

  Private strand的数量受到2个方面的影响:logfile的大小和活跃事务数量。

  参数_log_private_mul指定了使用多少logfile空间预分配给Private strand,默认为5。我们可以根据当前logfile的大小(要除去预分配给log buffer的空间)计算出这一约束条件下能够预分配多少个Private strand: 

HELLODBA.COM>select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT';

  BYTES

  
----------

  
52428800

  HELLODBA.COM
>select trunc(((select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT') - (select to_number(value) from v$parameter where name = 'log_buffer'))*

  
2 (select to_number(val.KSPPSTVL)

  
3 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  
4 where nam.indx = val.indx

  
5 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_mul') / 100 / 66560)

  
6 as "calculated private strands"

  
7 from dual;

  calculated private strands

  
--------------------------

  
5

  HELLODBA.COM
>select count(1) "actual private strands" from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  actual private strands

  
----------------------

  
5

  当logfile切换后(和checkpoint一样,切换之前必须要将所有Private strand的内容flush到logfile中,因此我们在alert log中可能会发现日志切换信息之前会有这样的信息:"Private strand flush not complete",这是可以被忽略的),会重新根据切换后的logfile的大小计算对Private strand的限制:

 HELLODBA.COM>alter system switch logfile;

  System altered.

  HELLODBA.COM
>select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT';

  BYTES

  
----------

  
104857600

  HELLODBA.COM
>select trunc(((select bytes from v$log where status = 'CURRENT') - (select to_number(value) from v$parameter where name = 'log_buffer'))*

  
2 (select to_number(val.KSPPSTVL)

  
3 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  
4 where nam.indx = val.indx

  
5 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_mul') / 100 / 66560)

  
6 as "calculated private strands"

  
7 from dual;

  calculated private strands

  
--------------------------

  
13

  HELLODBA.COM
>select count(1) "actual private strands" from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  actual private strands

  
----------------------

  
13

  参数_log_private_parallelism_mul用于推算活跃事务数量在最大事务数量中的百分比,默认为10。Private strand的数量不能大于活跃事务的数量。

HELLODBA.COM>show parameter transactions

  NAME TYPE VALUE

  
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

  transactions
integer 222

  transactions_per_rollback_segment
integer 5

  HELLODBA.COM
>select trunc((select to_number(value) from v$parameter where name = 'transactions') *

  
2 (select to_number(val.KSPPSTVL)

  
3 from sys.x$ksppi nam, sys.x$ksppsv val

  
4 where nam.indx = val.indx

  
5 AND nam.ksppinm = '_log_private_parallelism_mul') / 100 )

  
6 as "calculated private strands"

  
7 from dual;

  calculated private strands

  
--------------------------

  
22

  HELLODBA.COM
>select count(1) "actual private strands" from x$kcrfstrand where last_buf_kcrfa = '00';

  actual private strands

  
----------------------

  
22

  注:在预分配Private strand时,会选择上述2个条件限制下最小一个数量。但相应的shared pool的内存分配和redo allocation latch的数量是按照活跃事务数预分配的。

  因此,如果logfile足够大,_log_private_parallelism_mul与实际活跃进程百分比基本相符的话,Private strand的引入基本可以消除redo allocation latch的争用问题。

0
相关文章