最左前缀原理与相关优化
高效使用索引的首要条件是知道什么样的查询会使用到索引，这个问题和B+Tree中的“最左前缀原理”有关，下面通过例子说明最左前缀原理。
这里先说一下联合索引的概念。在上文中，我们都是假设索引只引用了单个的列，实际上，MySQL中的索引可以以一定顺序引用多个列，这种索引叫做联合索引，一般的，一个联合索引是一个有序元组，其中各个元素均为数据表的一列，实际上要严格定义索引需要用到关系代数，但是这里我不想讨论太多关系代数的话题，因为那样会显得很枯燥，所以这里就不再做严格定义。另外，单列索引可以看成联合索引元素数为1的特例。
以employees.titles表为例，下面先查看其上都有哪些索引：
SHOW INDEX FROM employees.titles;
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Null | Index_type |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | emp_no | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | title | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 3 | from_date | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
| titles | 1 | emp_no | 1 | emp_no | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Null | Index_type |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | emp_no | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | title | A | NULL | | BTREE |
| titles | 0 | PRIMARY | 3 | from_date | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
| titles | 1 | emp_no | 1 | emp_no | A | 443308 | | BTREE |
+--------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+------+------------+
从结果中可以到titles表的主索引为，还有一个辅助索引
ALTER TABLE employees.titles DROP INDEX emp_no;
这样就可以专心分析索引PRIMARY的行为了。
情况一：全列匹配。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer' AND from_date='1986-06-26';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
很明显，当按照索引中所有列进行精确匹配(这里精确匹配指“=”或“IN”匹配)时，索引可以被用到。这里有一点需要注意，理论上索引对顺序是敏感的，但是由于MySQL的查询优化器会自动调整where子句的条件顺序以使用适合的索引，例如我们将where中的条件顺序颠倒：
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE from_date='1986-06-26' AND emp_no='10001' AND title='Senior Engineer';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 59 | const,const,const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------------------+------+-------+
效果是一样的。
情况二：最左前缀匹配。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees.titles WHERE emp_no='10001';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | titles | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | const | 1 | |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
当查询条件精确匹配索引的左边连续一个或几个列时，如
