技术开发 频道

.NET 文件流详解:System.IO之Stream

        【IT168 技术】Stream在msdn的定义:提供字节序列的一般性视图(provides a generic view of a sequence of bytes)。这个解释太抽象了,不容易理解;从stream的字面意思“河,水流”更容易理解些,stream是一个抽象类,它定义了类似“水流”的事物的一些统一行为,包括这个“水流”是否可以抽水出来(读取流内容);是否可以往这个“水流”中注水(向流中写入内容);以及这个“水流”有多长;如何关闭“水流”,如何向“水流”中注水,如何从“水流”中抽水等“水流”共有的行为。

  常用的Stream的子类有:

  1) MemoryStream 存储在内存中的字节流

  2) FileStream 存储在文件系统的字节流

  3) NetworkStream 通过网络设备读写的字节流

  4) BufferedStream 为其他流提供缓冲的流

  Stream提供了读写流的方法是以字节的形式从流中读取内容。而我们经常会用到从字节流中读取文本或者写入文本,微软提供了StreamReader和StreamWriter类帮我们实现在流上读写字符串的功能。

  下面看下如何操作Stream,即如何从流中读取字节序列,如何向流中写字节

  1. 使用Stream.Read方法从流中读取字节,如下示例注释:


using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;

namespace UseStream
{
    class Program
    {
        
//示例如何从流中读取字节流
        static void Main(
string[] args)
        {
            var bytes
= new byte[] {(byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3,(byte)4,(byte)5,(byte)6,(byte)7,(byte)8};
            using (var memStream
= new MemoryStream(bytes))
            {
                
int offset = 0;
                
int readOnce = 4;
                
                
do
                {
                    
byte[] byteTemp = new byte[readOnce];
                    
// 使用Read方法从流中读取字节
                    
//第一个参数byte[]存储从流中读出的内容
                    
//第二个参数为存储到byte[]数组的开始索引,
                    
//第三个int参数为一次最多读取的字节数
                    
//返回值是此次读取到的字节数,此值小于等于第三个参数
                    
int readCn = memStream.Read(byteTemp, 0, readOnce);
                    
for (int i = 0; i < readCn; i++)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(byteTemp[i].ToString());
                    }
                    
                    offset
+= readCn;

                    
//当实际读取到的字节数小于设定的读取数时表示到流的末尾了
                    
if (readCn < readOnce) break;
                }
while (true);
            }

            Console.Read();
        }
    }
}

 

  2. 使用Stream.BeginRead方法读取FileStream的流内容

  注意:BeginRead在一些流中的实现和Read完全相同,比如MemoryStream;而在FileStream和NetwordStream中BeginRead就是实实在在的异步操作了。

  如下示例代码和注释:


using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading;

namespace UseBeginRead
{
    class Program
    {
        
//定义异步读取状态类
        class AsyncState
        {
            
public FileStream FS { get; set; }

            
public byte[] Buffer { get; set; }

            
public ManualResetEvent EvtHandle { get; set; }
        }

        static  
int bufferSize = 512;

        static void Main(
string[] args)
        {
            
string filePath = "d:\\test.txt";
            
//以只读方式打开文件流
            using (var fileStream
= new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read))
            {
                var buffer
= new byte[bufferSize];

                
//构造BeginRead需要传递的状态
                var asyncState
= new AsyncState { FS = fileStream, Buffer = buffer ,EvtHandle = new ManualResetEvent(false)};

                
//异步读取
                IAsyncResult asyncResult
= fileStream.BeginRead(buffer, 0, bufferSize, new AsyncCallback(AsyncReadCallback), asyncState);

                
//阻塞当前线程直到读取完毕发出信号
                asyncState.EvtHandle.WaitOne();
                Console.WriteLine();
                Console.WriteLine(
"read complete");
                Console.Read();
            }
        }

        
//异步读取回调处理方法
        
public static void AsyncReadCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult)
        {
            var asyncState
= (AsyncState)asyncResult.AsyncState;
            
int readCn = asyncState.FS.EndRead(asyncResult);
            
//判断是否读到内容
            
if (readCn > 0)
            {
                
byte[] buffer;
                
if (readCn == bufferSize) buffer = asyncState.Buffer;
                
else
                {
                    buffer
= new byte[readCn];
                    
Array.Copy(asyncState.Buffer, 0, buffer, 0, readCn);
                }

                
//输出读取内容值
                
string readContent = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(buffer);
                
                Console.Write(readContent);
            }

            
if (readCn < bufferSize)
            {
                asyncState.EvtHandle.Set();
            }
            
else {
                
Array.Clear(asyncState.Buffer, 0, bufferSize);
                
//再次执行异步读取操作
                asyncState.FS.BeginRead(asyncState.Buffer,
0, bufferSize, new AsyncCallback(AsyncReadCallback), asyncState);
            }
        }
    }
}

 

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  3. 使用Stream.Write方法向流中写字节数组

  在使用Write方法时,需要先使用Stream的CanWrite方法判断流是否可写,如下示例定义了一个MemoryStream对象,然后向内存流中写入一个字节数组

 using System;

  using System.Collections.Generic;

  using System.Linq;

  using System.Text;

  using System.IO;

  namespace UseStreamWrite

  {

  class Program

  {

  static void Main(
string[] args)

  {

  using (var ms
= new MemoryStream())

  {

  
int count = 20;

  var buffer
= new byte[count];

  
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)

  {

  buffer[i]
= (byte)i;

  }

  
//将流当前位置设置到流的起点

  ms.Seek(
0, SeekOrigin.Begin);

  Console.WriteLine(
"ms position is " + ms.Position);

  
//注意在调用Stream的Write方法之前要用CanWrite判断Stream是否可写

  
if (ms.CanWrite)

  {

  ms.Write(buffer,
0, count);

  }

  
//正确写入的话,流的位置会移动到写入开始位置加上写入的字节数

  Console.WriteLine(
"ms position is " + ms.Position);

  }

  Console.Read();

  }

  }

  }

 

  4. 使用Stream.BeginWrite方法异步写;异步写可以提高程序性能,这是因为磁盘或者网络IO的速度远小于cpu的速度,异步写可以减少cpu的等待时间。

  如下使用FileStream异步写文件的操作示例

using System;

  using System.Collections.Generic;

  using System.Linq;

  using System.Text;

  using System.IO;

  using System.Threading;

  namespace UseStreamBeginWrite

  {

  class Program

  {

  
///

  
/// 异步回调需要的参数封装类

  
///

  class AsyncState {

  
public int WriteCountOnce { get; set; }

  
public int Offset { get; set; }

  
public byte[] Buffer { get; set; }

  
public ManualResetEvent WaitHandle { get; set; }

  
public FileStream FS { get; set; }

  }

  static void Main(
string[] args)

  {

  
//准备一个1K的字节数组

  
byte[] toWriteBytes = new byte[1 << 10];

  
for (int i = 0; i < toWriteBytes.Length; i++)

  {

  toWriteBytes[i]
= (byte)(i % byte.MaxValue);

  }

  
string filePath = "d:\\test.txt";

  
//FileStream实例

  using (var fileStream
= new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.ReadWrite, FileShare.Read))

  {

  
int offset = 0;

  
//每次写入32字节

  
int writeCountOnce = 1 << 5;

  
//构造回调函数需要的状态

  AsyncState state
= new AsyncState{

  WriteCountOnce
= writeCountOnce,

  Offset
= offset,

  Buffer
= toWriteBytes,

  WaitHandle
= new ManualResetEvent(false),

  FS
= fileStream

  };

  
//做异步写操作

  fileStream.BeginWrite(toWriteBytes, offset, writeCountOnce, WriteCallback, state);

  
//等待写完毕或者出错发出的继续信号

  state.WaitHandle.WaitOne();

  }

  Console.WriteLine(
"Done");

  Console.Read();

  }

  
///

  
/// 异步写的回调函数

  
///

  
/// 写状态

  static void WriteCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult)

  {

  AsyncState state
= (AsyncState)asyncResult.AsyncState;

  try

  {

  state.FS.EndWrite(asyncResult);

  }

  catch (Exception ex)

  {

  Console.WriteLine(
"EndWrite Error:" + ex.Message);

  state.WaitHandle.Set();

  return;

  }

  Console.WriteLine(
"write to " + state.FS.Position);

  
//判断是否写完,未写完继续异步写

  
if (state.Offset + state.WriteCountOnce < state.Buffer.Length)

  {

  state.Offset
+= state.WriteCountOnce;

  Console.WriteLine(
"call BeginWrite again");

  state.FS.BeginWrite(state.Buffer, state.Offset, state.WriteCountOnce, WriteCallback, state);

  }

  
else {

  
//写完发出完成信号

  state.WaitHandle.Set();

  }

  }

  }

  }
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