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Oracle概念:异常和游标

  【IT168 技术文档】

  异常和游标管理

  游标:

  用来查询数据库,获取记录集合(结果集)的指针,可以让开发者一次访问一行结果集,在每条结果集上作操作。

  分类:

  静态游标:

  分为显式游标和隐式游标。

  REF游标:

  是一种引用类型,类似于指针。

  显式游标:

  CURSOR 游标名 ( 参数 ) [返回值类型] IS

  Select 语句

  生命周期:

  1. 打开游标(OPEN):

  解析,绑定。。。不会从数据库检索数据

  2. 从游标中获取记录(FETCH INTO):

  执行查询,返回结果集。通常定义局域变量作为从游标获取数据的缓冲区。

  3. 关闭游标(CLOSE)

  完成游标处理,用户不能从游标中获取行。还可以重新打开。

  选项:参数和返回类型

  set serveroutput on

  declare

  cursor emp_cur ( p_deptid in number) is

  select * from employees where department_id = p_deptid;

  l_emp employees%rowtype;

  begin

  dbms_output.put_line(‘Getting employees from department 30’);

  open emp_cur(30);

  loop

  fetch emp_cur into l_emp;

  exit when emp_cur%notfound;

  dbms_output.put_line(‘Employee id ‘|| l_emp.employee_id || ‘ is ‘);

  dbms_output.put_line(l_emp.first_name || ‘ ‘ || l_emp.last_name);

  end loop;

  close emp_cur;

  dbms_output.put_line(‘Getting employees from department 90’);

  open emp_cur(90);

  loop

  fetch emp_cur into l_emp;

  exit when emp_cur%notfound;

  dbms_output.put_line(‘Employee id ‘|| l_emp.employee_id || ‘ is ‘);

  dbms_output.put_line(l_emp.first_name || ‘ ‘ || l_emp.last_name);

  end loop;

  close emp_cur;

  end;

  /

  隐式游标:

  不用明确建立游标变量,分两种:

  1. 在PL/SQL中使用DML语言,使用ORACLE提供的名为SQL的隐示游标

  2. CURSOR FOR LOOP,用于for loop 语句。

  1举例:

  declare

  begin

  update departments set department_name=department_name;

  --where 1=2;

  dbms_output.put_line(‘update ‘|| sql%rowcount ||’ records’);

  end;

  /

  2举例:

  declare

  begin

  for my_dept_rec in ( select department_name, department_id from departments)

  loop

  dbms_output.put_line(my_dept_rec.department_id || ‘ : ’ || my_dept_rec.department_name);

  end loop;

  end;

  /

  游标属性:

  %FOUND:变量最后从游标中获取记录的时候,在结果集中找到了记录。

  %NOTFOUND:变量最后从游标中获取记录的时候,在结果集中没有找到记录。

  %ROWCOUNT:当前时刻已经从游标中获取的记录数量。

  %ISOPEN:是否打开。

  Declare

  Cursor emps is

  Select * from employees where rownum<6 order by 1;

  Emp employees%rowtype;

  Row number :=1;

  Begin

  Open emps;

  Fetch emps into emp;

  Loop

  If emps%found then

  Dbms_output.put_line(‘Looping over record ‘||row|| ‘ of ‘ || emps%rowcount);

  Fetch emps into emp;

  Row := row + 1;

  Elsif emps%notfound then

  Exit; ---exit loop, not IF

  End if;

  End loop;

  If emps%isopen then

  Close emps;

  End if;

  End;

  /

  显式和隐式游标的区别:

  尽量使用隐式游标,避免编写附加的游标控制代码(声明,打开,获取,关闭),也不需要声明变量来保存从游标中获取的数据。

  REF CURSOR游标:

  动态游标,在运行的时候才能确定游标使用的查询。分类:

  强类型(限制)REF CURSOR,规定返回类型

  弱类型(非限制)REF CURSOR,不规定返回类型,可以获取任何结果集。

  TYPE ref_cursor_name IS REF CURSOR [RETURN return_type]

  Declare

  Type refcur_t is ref cursor;

  Type emp_refcur_t is ref cursor return employee%rowtype;

  Begin

  Null;

  End;

  /

  强类型举例:

  declare

  --声明记录类型

  type emp_job_rec is record(

  employee_id number,

  employee_name varchar2(50),

  job_title varchar2(30)

  );

  --声明REF CURSOR,返回值为该记录类型

  type emp_job_refcur_type is ref cursor

  return emp_job_rec;

  --定义REF CURSOR游标的变量

  emp_refcur emp_job_refcur_type;

  emp_job emp_job_rec;

  begin

  open emp_refcur for

  select e.employee_id,

  e.first_name || ‘ ’ ||e.last_name “employee_name”,

  j.job_title

  from employees e, jobs j

  where e.job_id = j.job_id and rownum < 11 order by 1;

  fetch emp_refcur into emp_job;

  while emp_refcur%found loop

  dbms_output.put_line(emp_job.employee_name || ‘’’s job is ’);

  dbms_output.put_line(emp_job.job_title);

  fetch emp_refcur into emp_job;

  end loop;

  end;

  /

  单独select

  declare

  l_empno emp.EMPLOYEE_ID%type;

  -- l_ename emp.ename%type;

  begin

  select EMPLOYEE_ID

  into l_empno

  from emp;

  --where rownum =1;

  dbms_output.put_line(l_empno);

  end;

  /

  使用INTO获取值,只能返回一行。

  错误处理:

  exception

  when then

  …

  when then

  …

  end;

  exception_expression包括:

  1. 预定义表达式

  2. 用户定义表达式

  3. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT

  预定义

  declare

  l_dept departments%rowtype;

  begin

  l_dept.department_id:=100;

  l_dept.department_name:=’HR’;

  insert into departments(department_id, department_name)

  values(l_dept.department_id, l_dept.department_name);

  Exception

  When DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX then

  Dbms_output.put_line(‘heihei’);

  end;

  /

  DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX 异常

  Exception

  When DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX then

  Dbms_output.put_line…..

  自定义:

  declare

  l_exc exception;

  begin

  …

  raise l_exc;

  exception

  when l_exc then

  …

  end;

  /

  PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT

  Declare

  L_update_text varchar2(100):=

  ‘update &table_name set &updated_column_name= ‘’:a’’

  where &key_column_name=:a’;

  begin

  execute immediate L_update_text using ‘&updated_column_value’, &key_column_value;

  end;

  /

  Declare

  Invalid_column_name exception;

  Pragma exception_init(Invalid_column_name,-904);

  L_update_text varchar2(100):=

  ‘update &table_name set &updated_column_name= ‘’:a’’

  where &key_column_name=:a’;

  begin

  execute immediate L_update_text using ‘&updated_column_value’, &key_column_value;

  exception

  when Invalid_column_name then

  dbms_output.put_line(‘hehe’);

  end;

  /

  异常传播:

  begin

  begin

  begin

  begin

  begin

  declare

  fname employees.first_name%type;

  begin

  select first_name into fname from employees where 1=2;

  --exception

  --when NO_DATA_FOUND then

  -- dbms_output.put_line(‘block 6’);

  end;

  exception

  when NO_DATA_FOUND then

  dbms_output.put_line(‘block 5’);

  end;

  exception

  when NO_DATA_FOUND then

  dbms_output.put_line(‘block 4’);

  end;

  exception

  when NO_DATA_FOUND then

  dbms_output.put_line(‘block 3’);

  end;

  exception

  when NO_DATA_FOUND then

  dbms_output.put_line(‘block 2’);

  end;

  exception

  when NO_DATA_FOUND then

  dbms_output.put_line(‘block 1’);

  end;

  /

  作用域和可视性:

  begin

  declare

  nested_excp exception;

  begin

  raise nested_excp;

  end;

  exception

  when nested_excp then

  dbms_output.put_line('haha');

  end;

  /

  when others then

  放在最后

  begin

  declare

  nested_excp exception;

  begin

  raise nested_excp;

  end;

  exception

  when others then

  dbms_output.put_line('haha');

  dbms_output.put_line(sqlcode || ‘ is ’ || sqlerrm);

  raise;

  end;

  /

  SQLCODE SQLERRM

  declare

  l_dept departments%rowtype;

  begin

  l_dept.department_id:=100;

  l_dept.department_name:=’HR’;

  insert into departments(department_id, department_name)

  values(l_dept.department_id, l_dept.department_name);

  Exception

  When others then

  dbms_output.put_line(sqlcode || ‘ is ’ || sqlerrm);

  end;

  /

  declare

  l_dept departments%rowtype;

  begin

  l_dept.department_id:=100;

  l_dept.department_name:=’HR’;

  insert into departments(department_id, department_name)

  values(l_dept.department_id, l_dept.department_name);

  Exception

  When others then

  Raise_application_error(-20001, ‘error message!’);

  End;

  /

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