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透析QTP自动化测试框架SAFFRON

  【IT168 技术文档】

  1、为什么要使用框架?

  框架是一组自动化测试的规范、测试脚本的基础代码,以及测试思想、惯例的集合。可用于减少冗余代码、提高代码生产率、提高代码重用性和可维护性。例如QTestWare就是QTP自动化测试框架中的一类。

  2、SAFFRON简介

  SAFFRON是针对Web开发的一个简单的QTP测试框架原型,是Adam Gensler于06年写的,需要QTP 9.1版本以上。完整的SAFFRON脚本代码可到以下地址获取:http://www.itestware.com/ctest/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:webqtp-saffron&catid=35:testing_is_believing

  3、如何使用SAFFRON?

  SAFFRON框架以外部VBS文件的形式出现,因此使用方法比较简单,直接在测试脚本中以资源形式导入即可使用,如图所示:

  导入后,可在"Available Keywords"视图中看到SAFFRON的所有函数,如图所示:

  选中某个函数,拖拽到专家视图的编辑器中,如图所示:

  后接一个URL地址,例如http://www.itestware.com,即可使用SAFFRON框架中的BrowseTo函数导航到指定的URL地址,如下脚本所示:

  'BrowseTo(url)

  BrowseTo “http://www.itestware.com”

  4、SAFFRON框架代码剖析

  为了深入了解SAFFRON,以及框架的使用方法,下面我们将分别介绍SAFFRON中的主要函数,对SAFFRON代码进行深入剖析。

  4.1 导航到指定URL

  SAFFRON使用名为BrowseTo函数来负责导航到指定的URL,如果浏览器尚未启动,则先调用函数Launch来打开浏览器。BrowseTo函数的定义如下所示:

Public Function BrowseTo (url)

  thirdlevel
= ""

  Report micPass, "Navigate
to URL", "Navigating to URL: " & Quote(url)

  
If initialized Then

  
Execute GenerateDescription("Browser") & "Navigate " & Quote(url)

  
Else

  Launch "website", url

  
End If

  Reporter.Filter
= rfDisableAll

  
End Function

  在脚本中,会判断是否初始化了浏览器,如果有则执行导航动作,导航到指定的URL。导航动作是执行这行脚本来完成的:

  Execute GenerateDescription("Browser") & "Navigate " & Quote(url)

  Execute是一个用于执行指定VBScript脚本语句的函数,GenerateDescription函数的定义如下所示: 

' Generates a generic description based up on the "level" viarable

  
' levelstr - will be one of the values that is in the level array

  
' returns - string representative of the object hierarchy

  Public Function GenerateDescription (levelstr)

  l = IndexOf(level, levelstr)

  If l >=0 Then

  fdesc = level(0) & "(" & Quote(desc(0)) & ")."

  If l >= 1 Then

  fdesc = fdesc + level(1) & "(" & Quote(desc(1)) & ")."

  If 2 >= l Then

  If thirdlevel <> "" Then

  fdesc = fdesc + level(2) & "(" & Quote(desc(2)) & "," & Quote("name:=" & thirdlevel) & ")."

  End If

  End If

  End If

  End If

  GenerateDescription = fdesc

  End Function

  4.2 返回测试对象的描述

  GenerateDescription函数用于返回对象的描述性语句,例如,指定Browser,则返回如下语句:

  "Browser("micclass:=Browser")."

  该语句代表了当前浏览器对象,并且后面加了个点号,这是为了方便后接"Navigate "这个浏览器对象的导航操作,以及指定的URL字符串,例如"http://blog.csdn.net/testing_is_believing"。在Execute时,其实执行的VBScript语句如下所示:

  Browser("micclass:=Browser").Navigate "http://blog.csdn.net/testing_is_believing"

  经过SAFFRON的框架封装后,则只需要使用如下语句即可达到同样的效果:

  BrowseTo "http://blog.csdn.net/testing_is_believing"

  4.3 启动浏览器

  SAFFRON使用名为BrowseTo函数来负责导航到指定的URL,但是如果浏览器未启动,则会先调用函数Launch来打开浏览器。Launch函数的定义如下所示:

 prepares the framework for usage, and configures all internal framework

  
' variables and structures

  
' apptype - used to launch different types of applications based

  
' upon different technologies -- currently there is only web

  
' val - string that represents what to launch

  
' returns - always returns true

  Public Function Launch (apptype, val)

  If "website" = apptype Then

  thirdlevel = ""

  Report micPass, "Initialize", "Initializing Framework"

  level = split(webLevels, leveldelimiter, -1, 1)

  desc = split(webLevelsDesc, leveldescdelimiter, -1, 1)

  object = split(objects, objectdelimiter, -1, 1)

  objectDescription = split(objectsDescription, objectsDescriptiondelimiter, -1, 1)

  CloseBrowsers

  Set IE = CreateObject("InternetExplorer.Application")

  IE.visible = true

  IE.Navigate val

  While IE.Busy

  wait 1

  Wend

  End If

  initialized = true

  Launch = true

  End Function

  可看到脚本中创建了IE的COM对象,然后设置IE的Visible属性设置为Tue,让浏览器可见,然后调用IE对象的Navigate方法导航到指定的URL。除了创建IE的COM对象外,在Launch函数中还进行框架其它方面的初始化。

  4.4 给指定字符串前后加双引号

  在BrowseTo函数的定义脚本中,调用了一个名为Quote的函数,该函数的定义如下所示:

 ' generates a string with embedded/surrounding quotes

  Public Function Quote (txt)

  Quote = chr(34) & txt & chr(34)

  End Function

  该函数的作用是给指定的字符串前后加上双引号字符,例如下面代码

  Msgbox "The message is " & Quote("hello world!")

  执行结果显示如图所示。

  如果我们不使用这个函数,则需要这样写我们的代码来实现同样的功能:

  Msgbox "The message is ""hello world!"""

  很明显,这样的写法写出来的代码的可读性和可维护性都差一截。

  4.5 点击链接

  作为一个针对WEB应用的脚本框架,除了能启动浏览器导航到指定的页面外,还需要针对页面的各种元素进行测试操作,例如链接的点击、按钮的点击操作。在SAFFRON框架中,使用Activate函数来点击链接、按钮,其函数定义如下所示:

' Activates an object based upon its object type

  
' objtype - the type of object should be limited to values in the object array

  
' text - identifying text for the control - for a link, it's the text of the link

  
Public Function Activate (objtype, text)

  localDesc
= ""

  
If thirdlevel <> "" Then

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(2))

  
Else

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(1))

  
End If

  AutoSync()

  
Select Case objtype

  
Case "Link"

  
Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Link","innertext:=" & text) & "Click"

  Report micPass, "Link Activation", "The Link "
& Quote(text) & " was clicked."

  
Case "WebButton"

  
Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebButton", "value:=" & text) & "Click"

  Report micPass, "WebButton Activation", "The WebButton "
& Quote(text) & " was clicked."

  
End Select

  
End Function

  函数首先判断对象的类型,然后根据对象类型分别处理,如果是链接对象,则通过以下语句组合成可执行的VBScript语句,然后用Execute函数来执行:

  Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Link","innertext:=" & text) & "Click"

  如果是按钮对象,则组合成:

  Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebButton", "value:=" & text) & "Click"

  在这里,调用了GenerateObjectDescription函数,GenerateObjectDescription函数的作用与GenerateDescription函数的作用类似,都是用于返回一个测试对象的描述,不同的是GenerateObjectDescription函数需要传入测试对象的描述数组,GenerateObjectDescription函数的定义如下:

 ' Generates an object description based upon the object, and objectDescription arrays

  
' obj - name of the object in the object array

  
' prop - additional property to help uniquely identify the object

  
' returns - a string representative of the object description

  
Public Function GenerateObjectDescription (obj, prop)

  i
= IndexOf(object, obj)

  ndesc
= ""

  
If i <> -1 Then

  ndesc
= obj & "(" & Quote(objectDescription(i)) & "," & Quote(prop) & ")."

  
End If

  GenerateobjectDescription
= ndesc

  
End Function

  有了Activate函数,我们在写脚本的时候就可以充分利用,简化脚本的编写,例如下面是两句简单的脚本,分别点击页面上的一个链接和一个按钮:

  Activate "Link", "Person"

  Activate "WebButton", "Search"

  在Activate函数中,调用了一个名为AutoSync的函数,该函数的作用与QTP的Sync方法是一样的,只是在外面封装了一层,函数定义如下所示:

 ' waits for the web page to finish loading

  Public Function AutoSync

  Execute GenerateDescription("Browser") & "Sync"

  End Function

  AutoSync函数用于等待WEB页面加载完成。

  4.6 一个小例子

  到现在为止,我们可以使用SAFFRON的Launch、BrowserTo和Activate函数来编写简单的脚本启动浏览器,导航到指定的页面,点击链接和按钮,例如下面就是一个综合了这几个功能的脚本:

  ' 启动浏览器

  Launch "website","http://127.0.0.1:1080"

  ' 导航到http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours

  BrowseTo "http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours/"

  ' 点击名为“administration”的链接

  Activate "Link","administration"

  该脚本调用SAFFRON框架的Launch函数启动IE浏览器,然后导航到http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours,点击如图所示的页面中名为"administration"的链接。

  脚本的测试结果如图所示。


 

  4.7 检查对象是否存在

  前面的小例子仅仅实现了启动浏览器、导航、点击链接和按钮的功能,如果要组成一个完整的测试用例,还缺少一些东西,例如检查指定的对象是否存在,在SAFFRON中,用Verify函数来实现这个功能,Verify函数的定义如下所示:

Verify the Existence of an object

' objtype - values should be limited to values in the object array

' text - multi-purpose argument that indicates what to verify

' - for a link, or button, it's the text of the control

' - for a list, it's the name of the control

' - for a frame, it's the name of the frame

Public Function Verify (objtype, text)

rval
= false

localDesc
= ""

estr
= ""

If thirdlevel <> "" Then

localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(2))

Else

localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(1))

End If


AutoSync()


Select Case objtype

Case "Page"

Execute "rval = " & GenerateDescription(level(1)) & "Exist (0)"

If rval Then

Execute "title = " & GenerateDescription(level(1)) & "GetROProperty(" & Quote("title") & ")"

If title = text Then

rval
= true

Else

rval
= false

End If

End If

Case "CurrentFrame"

If thirdlevel <> "" Then

estr
= "rval = " & localDesc

End If

Case "Link"

estr
= "rval = " & localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Link", "innertext:=" & text)

Case "WebButton"

estr
= "rval = " & localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebButton", "value:=" & text)

Case "WebList"

estr
= "rval = " & localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebList", "name:=" & text)

Case "WebEdit"

estr
= "rval = " & localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebEdit", "name:=" & text)

End Select


If estr <> "" Then

Execute estr + "Exist (0)"

End If


If rval Then

Report micPass, objtype
& " Verification", "The " & objtype & " " & Quote(text) & " was verified to exist"

Else

Report micFail, objtype
& " Verification", "The " & objtype & " " & Quote(text) & " was not found"

End If


If "True" = rval Then

rval
= True

Else

rval
= False

End If


Verify
= rval

End Function

  由于判断不同对象的存在需要采用不同的属性,因此Verify函数中对不同的对象类型进行判断、分别处理。例如,对于Link类型的对象,用innertext属性,对于WebButton,则采用value属性,但是最后都需要组合成一条语句,后接"Exist",通过Execute方法执行这个语句,从而实现对象是否存在的判断。

  对于页面对象(Page)的存在性检查有点不一样,采用的是以下脚本:

Case "Page"

  
Execute "rval = " & GenerateDescription(level(1)) & "Exist (0)"

  
If rval Then

  
Execute "title = " & GenerateDescription(level(1)) & "GetROProperty(" & Quote("title") & ")"

  
If title = text Then

  rval
= true

  
Else

  rval
= false

  
End If

  
End If

  通过GetROProperty方法获取当前页面的title属性,然后与传入的"text"参数进行比较,如果相等,则认为页面对象是存在的。

  在测试脚本中可以这样使用Verify函数:

' 启动浏览器

  Launch
"website","http://127.0.0.1:1080"

  
' 导航到“http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours”

  BrowseTo
"http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours/"

  
If Verify ("Link","administration")= False then

  Reporter.ReportEvent micFail,
"检查链接","链接不存在"

  
Else

  
' 点击名为“administration”的链接

  Activate
"Link","administration"

  
End IF

  脚本中先用Verify检查名为"administration"的链接对象是否存在,如果不存在则提示错误,如果存在则进一步调用Activate函数点击链接。

  4.8 在文本框输入字符串

  在SAFFRON中,可以使用EnterTextIn函数来给输入框(WebEdit对象)输入字符串。EnterTextIn函数的定义如下所示:

 ' Enters text into an edit field

  
' objname - name of the control -- use Object Spy if you don't know what it is

  
' text - the text to enter into the control

  
Public Function EnterTextIn (objname, text)

  localDesc
= ""

  rval
= true

  
If thirdlevel <> "" Then

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(2))

  
Else

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(1))

  
End If

  AutoSync()

  localDesc
= localdesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebEdit", "name:=" & objname)

  
Execute localDesc & "Set (" & Quote(text) & ")"

  Report micPass,
"Enter Text", "Text: " & Quote(text) & " was entered into " & Quote(objname)

  EnterTextIn
= rval

  
End Function

  例如,如果我们要在如图所示的登录界面中输入用户名和密码,则可以使用SAFFRON的EnterTextIn函数来实现。

  测试脚本可以这样编写:

  ' 输入用户名

  EnterTextIn "username","chennengji"

  ' 输入密码

  EnterTextIn "password","123"

  4.9 读取文本框的字符串

  在SAFFRON中,可以使用EnterTextIn函数来给输入框(WebEdit对象)输入字符串。对应的有一个名为GetTextFrom的函数,用于读取输入框和文本列表的字符串,GetTextFrom的定义如下所示:

 ' Obtains text from a control

  
' objtype - is the type of control the get the text from

  
' objname - is the name of the control -- use Object Spy if you don't know the name

  
' returns - the text of the control

  
Public Function GetTextFrom (objtype, objname)

  text
= ""

  localDesc
= ""

  
If thirdlevel <> "" Then

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(2))

  
Else

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(1))

  
End If

  AutoSync()

  
Select Case objtype

  
Case "WebEdit"

  
Execute "text = " & localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebEdit", "name:=" & objname) & "GetROProperty (" & Quote("value") & ")"

  
Case "WebList"

  
Execute "text = " & localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebList", "name:=" & objname) & "GetROProperty (" & Quote("value") & ")"

  
End Select

  Report micPass,
"Capture Text", "Text: " & Quote(text) & " was captured from the control " & Quote(objname)

  GetTextFrom
= text

  
End Function

  假设我们需要读取如图所示的界面中的"Departure City"和"Arrival City"这两个文本列表(WebList对象)中的字符串,则可以使用GetTextFrom函数。

  测试脚本可以这样编写:

  ' 获取航班起始城市

  DepartureCity = GetTextFrom( "WebList","depart")

  ' 获取航班终点城市

  ArrivalCity = GetTextFrom( "WebList","arrive")

  当然,也可以使用相同的函数来读取文本框(WebEdit对象)的字符串,例如下面的脚本读取"NO. of Passengers"对应的文本框中的字符串:

  ' 获取乘客数量

  PassengerNumber = GetTextFrom( "WebEdit","numPassengers")

  4.10选择列表中的一项

  在SAFFRON中,可以使用SelectFromList函数从下拉框列表(WebList对象)中选择指定的一项。SelectFromList的定义如下所示:

 ' Selects a specific value from a listbox, or combobox

  
' objname - name of the control -- use Object Spy if you don't know the name property

  
' text - the item in the combobox to select

  
Public Function SelectFromList (objname, text)

  localDesc
= ""

  rv
= ""

  rval
= false

  
If thirdlevel <> "" Then

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(2))

  
Else

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(1))

  
End If

  AutoSync()

  localDesc
= localdesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebList", "name:=" & objname)

  
Execute "cnt = " & localDesc & "GetROProperty(" & Quote("items count") & ")"

  
For i = 1 to cnt

  
Execute "rv = " & localDesc & "GetItem (" & i & ")"

  
If rv = text Then

  rval
= true

  
End If

  
Next

  
If rval Then

  
Execute localDesc & "Select " & Quote(text)

  
End If

  
If rval Then

  Report micPass,
"WebList Selection", "The WebList item " & Quote(text) & " was selected."

  
Else

  Report micFail,
"WebList Selection", "The WebList item " & Quote(text) & " was NOT found."

  
End If

  SelectFromList
= rval

  
End Function

  假设我们需要从如图所示的界面中的"Departure City"的下拉框中选择其中一项,则可使用SelectFromList函数来实现。

  测试脚本可以这样写:

  ' 选择航班起始城市为"San Francisco"

  SelectFromList "depart","San Francisco"

  4.11 关闭浏览器

  Web页面测试的最后一个步骤一般都是关闭浏览器,在SAFFRON中,也把这个过程封装成了一个名为"CloseBrowsers"的函数,该函数的定义如下:

 ' close all opened browsers

  
Public Function CloseBrowsers

  
If Browser("micclass:=Browser").Exist (0) Then

  Browser(
"micclass:=Browser").Close

  
End If

  
While Browser("micclass:=Browser", "index:=1").Exist (0)

  Browser(
"index:=1").Close

  
Wend

  
If Browser("micclass:=Browser").Exist (0) Then

  Browser(
"micclass:=Browser").Close

  
End If

  
End Function

  CloseBrowsers函数会把当前所有打开的浏览器都关闭,脚本中采用描述性编程的方式获取所有对象类型为"Browser"的测试对象,然后循环逐个关闭所有这种类型的测试对象。

  5、对SAFFRON框架进行扩展

  SAFFRON是一个基本的框架,它封装了浏览器的相关测试操作、封装了一些基本对象的测试操作,例如Link、WebButton、WebEdit、WebList等控件,可用于基本的WEB页面的测试,并且简化了测试脚本的编写,可以让代码的可读性和可维护性得到增强。

  但是SAFFRON仅仅是一个基础框架,我们还需要进一步地对其扩展才能应用到实际的WEB自动化测试项目中去,例如扩展对更多的控件的支持。下面是一个对Activate函数扩展Image对象的点击操作的过程:

  (1)首先打开SAFFRON框架的VBS文件,找到开头的变量定义处,添加Image对象,让框架可以识别和支持Image对象:

  ' 扩展对Image对象的支持

  objects = "Link|WebButton|WebList|WebEdit|Image"

  objectsDescription = "micclass:=Link|micclass:=WebButton|micclass:=WebList|micclass:=WebEdit|micclass:=Image"

  (2)修改Activate方法,添加对Image对象的Click操作的支持,脚本修改成如下所示:

 ' Activates an object based upon its object type

  
' objtype - the type of object should be limited to values in the object array

  
' text - identifying text for the control - for a link, it's the text of the link

  
Public Function Activate (objtype, text)

  localDesc
= ""

  
If thirdlevel <> "" Then

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(2))

  
Else

  localDesc
= GenerateDescription(level(1))

  
End If

  AutoSync()

  
Select Case objtype

  
Case "Link"

  
Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Link","innertext:=" & text) & "Click"

  Report micPass,
"Link Activation", "The Link " & Quote(text) & " was clicked."

  
Case "WebButton"

  
Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebButton", "value:=" & text) & "Click"

  Report micPass,
"WebButton Activation", "The WebButton " & Quote(text) & " was clicked."

  
' 扩展对Image类型的按钮的支持

  
Case "Image"

  
Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Image", "alt:=" & text) & "Click"

  Report micPass,
"ImageButton Activation", "The ImageButton " & Quote(text) & " was clicked."

  
End Select

  
End Function

  (3)调试和测试修改后的脚本,例如采用下面的脚本来看对Activate函数的扩展是否生效:

  ' 启动浏览器

  Launch "website","http://127.0.0.1:1080"

  ' 导航到“http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours”

  BrowseTo "http://127.0.0.1:1080/WebTours/"

  ' 输入用户名

  EnterTextIn "username","chennengji"

  ' 输入密码

  EnterTextIn "password","123"

  ' 单击Login按钮

  Activate "Image","Login"

  ' 单击"Flights"按钮

  Browser("Web Tours").Page("Web Tours").Frame("navbar").Image("Search Flights Button").Click

  ' 获取航班起始城市

  DepartureCity = GetTextFrom( "WebList","depart")

  ' 获取航班终点城市

  ArrivalCity = GetTextFrom( "WebList","arrive")

  ' 获取乘客数量

  PassengerNumber = GetTextFrom( "WebEdit","numPassengers")

  ' 选择航班起始城市为"San Francisco"

  SelectFromList "depart","San Francisco"

  If Verify ("Link","administration")= False then

  Reporter.ReportEvent micFail,"检查链接","链接不存在"

  Else

  ' 点击名为"administration"的链接

  Activate "Link","administration"

  End IF

  脚本的测试结果如图所示:


 
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