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Linq to sql：查询句法

作者：ITPUB论坛 编辑： nancy 2008-01-25 00:00
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  select

  描述：查询顾客的公司名、地址信息
  查询句法： 
var 构建匿名类型1 = from c in ctx.Customers
select new
{
公司名 = c.CompanyName,
地址 = c.Address
};
对应SQL：
SELECT [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[Address]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
  描述：查询职员的姓名和雇用年份
  查询句法： 
var 构建匿名类型2 = from emp in ctx.Employees
select new
{
姓名 = emp.LastName + emp.FirstName,
雇用年 = emp.HireDate.Value.Year
};
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t0].[LastName] + [t0].[FirstName] AS [value], DATEPART(Year, [t0].[HireDate]) AS [value2]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0]
  描述：查询顾客的ID以及联系信息（职位和联系人）
  查询句法： 
var 构建匿名类型3 = from c in ctx.Customers
select new
{
ID = c.CustomerID,
联系信息 = new
{
职位 = c.ContactTitle,
联系人 = c.ContactName
}
};
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[ContactName]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
  描述：查询订单号和订单是否超重的信息
  查询句法： 
var select带条件 = from o in ctx.Orders
select new
{
订单号 = o.OrderID,
是否超重 = o.Freight > 100 ? "是" : "否"
};
  对应SQL：
SELECT [t0].[OrderID],
(CASE
WHEN [t0].[Freight] > @p0 THEN @p1
ELSE @p2
END) AS [value]
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t0]
-- @p0: Input Currency (Size = 0; Prec = 19; Scale = 4) [100]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 1; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [是]

-- @p2: Input String (Size = 1; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [否]

  where

  描述：查询顾客的国家、城市和订单数信息，要求国家是法国并且订单数大于5
  查询句法： 
var 多条件 = from c in ctx.Customers
where c.Country == "France" && c.Orders.Count > 5
select new
{
国家 = c.Country,
城市 = c.City,
订单数 = c.Orders.Count
};
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t0].[Country], [t0].[City], (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t2]
WHERE [t2].[CustomerID] = [t0].[CustomerID]
) AS [value]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
WHERE ([t0].[Country] = @p0) AND (((
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[CustomerID] = [t0].[CustomerID]
)) > @p1)
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 6; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [France]

-- @p1: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [5]
  orderby

  描述：查询所有没有下属雇员的雇用年和名，按照雇用年倒序，按照名正序
  查询句法： 
var 排序 = from emp in ctx.Employees
where emp.Employees.Count == 0
orderby emp.HireDate.Value.Year descending, emp.FirstName ascending
select new
{
雇用年 = emp.HireDate.Value.Year,
名 = emp.FirstName
};
  对应SQL： 
SELECT DATEPART(Year, [t0].[HireDate]) AS [value], [t0].[FirstName]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0]
WHERE ((
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[ReportsTo] = [t0].[EmployeeID]
)) = @p0
ORDER BY DATEPART(Year, [t0].[HireDate]) DESC, [t0].[FirstName]
-- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [0]
  分页

  描述：按照每页10条记录，查询第二页的顾客
  查询句法： 
var 分页 = (from c in ctx.Customers select c).Skip(10).Take(10);
  对应SQL： 
SELECT TOP 10 [t1].[CustomerID], [t1].[CompanyName], [t1].[ContactName], [t1].[ContactTitle], [t1].[Address], [t1].[City], [t1].[Region], [t1].[PostalCode], [t1].[Country], [t1].[Phone], [t1].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]) AS [ROW_NUMBER], [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
) AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[ROW_NUMBER] > @p0
-- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [10]

  分组

  描述：根据顾客的国家分组，查询顾客数大于5的国家名和顾客数
  查询句法： 
var 一般分组 = from c in ctx.Customers
group c by c.Country into g
where g.Count() > 5
orderby g.Count() descending
select new
{
国家 = g.Key,
顾客数 = g.Count()
};

  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t1].[Country], [t1].[value3] AS [顾客数]
FROM (
SELECT COUNT(*) AS [value], COUNT(*) AS [value2], COUNT(*) AS [value3], [t0].[Country]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
GROUP BY [t0].[Country]
) AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[value] > @p0
ORDER BY [t1].[value2] DESC
-- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [5]
  描述：根据国家和城市分组，查询顾客覆盖的国家和城市
  查询句法：
var 匿名类型分组 = from c in ctx.Customers
group c by new { c.City, c.Country } into g
orderby g.Key.Country, g.Key.City
select new
{
国家 = g.Key.Country,
城市 = g.Key.City
};
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t1].[Country], [t1].[City]
FROM (
SELECT [t0].[City], [t0].[Country]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
GROUP BY [t0].[City], [t0].[Country]
) AS [t1]
ORDER BY [t1].[Country], [t1].[City]
  描述：按照是否超重条件分组，分别查询订单数量
  查询句法： 
var 按照条件分组 = from o in ctx.Orders
group o by new { 条件 = o.Freight > 100 } into g
select new
{
数量 = g.Count(),
是否超重 = g.Key.条件 ? "是" : "否"
};
  对应SQL： 
SELECT
(CASE
WHEN [t2].[value2] = 1 THEN @p1
ELSE @p2
END) AS [value], [t2].[value] AS [数量]
FROM (
SELECT COUNT(*) AS [value], [t1].[value] AS [value2]
FROM (
SELECT
(CASE
WHEN [t0].[Freight] > @p0 THEN 1
WHEN NOT ([t0].[Freight] > @p0) THEN 0
ELSE NULL
END) AS [value]
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t0]
) AS [t1]
GROUP BY [t1].[value]
) AS [t2]
-- @p0: Input Currency (Size = 0; Prec = 19; Scale = 4) [100]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 1; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [是]

-- @p2: Input String (Size = 1; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [否]

  distinct

  描述：查询顾客覆盖的国家
  查询句法： 
var 过滤相同项 = (from c in ctx.Customers orderby c.Country select c.Country).Distinct();
  对应SQL： 
SELECT DISTINCT [t0].[Country]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
  union

  描述：查询城市是A打头和城市包含A的顾客并按照顾客名字排序
  查询句法： 
var 连接并且过滤相同项 =
(from c in ctx.Customers where c.City.Contains("A") select c)
.Union
(from c in ctx.Customers where c.ContactName.StartsWith("A") select c)
.OrderBy(c => c.ContactName);
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t3].[CustomerID], [t3].[CompanyName], [t3].[ContactName], [t3].[ContactTitle], [t3].[Address], [t3].[City], [t3].[Region], [t3].[PostalCode], [t3].[Country], [t3].[Phone], [t3].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT [t2].[CustomerID], [t2].[CompanyName], [t2].[ContactName], [t2].[ContactTitle], [t2].[Address], [t2].[City], [t2].[Region], [t2].[PostalCode], [t2].[Country], [t2].[Phone], [t2].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
WHERE [t0].[City] LIKE @p0
UNION
SELECT [t1].[CustomerID], [t1].[CompanyName], [t1].[ContactName], [t1].[ContactTitle], [t1].[Address], [t1].[City], [t1].[Region], [t1].[PostalCode], [t1].[Country], [t1].[Phone], [t1].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[ContactName] LIKE @p1
) AS [t2]
) AS [t3]
ORDER BY [t3].[ContactName]
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [%A%]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 2; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [A%]
  concat

  描述：查询城市是A打头和城市包含A的顾客并按照顾客名字排序，相同的顾客信息不会过滤
  查询句法：
var 连接并且不过滤相同项 =
(from c in ctx.Customers where c.City.Contains("A") select c).Concat
(from c in ctx.Customers where c.ContactName.StartsWith("A") select c)
.OrderBy(c => c.ContactName);
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t3].[CustomerID], [t3].[CompanyName], [t3].[ContactName], [t3].[ContactTitle], [t3].[Address], [t3].[City], [t3].[Region], [t3].[PostalCode], [t3].[Country], [t3].[Phone], [t3].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT [t2].[CustomerID], [t2].[CompanyName], [t2].[ContactName], [t2].[ContactTitle], [t2].[Address], [t2].[City], [t2].[Region], [t2].[PostalCode], [t2].[Country], [t2].[Phone], [t2].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
WHERE [t0].[City] LIKE @p0
UNION ALL
SELECT [t1].[CustomerID], [t1].[CompanyName], [t1].[ContactName], [t1].[ContactTitle], [t1].[Address], [t1].[City], [t1].[Region], [t1].[PostalCode], [t1].[Country], [t1].[Phone], [t1].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t1]
WHERE [t1].[ContactName] LIKE @p1
) AS [t2]
) AS [t3]
ORDER BY [t3].[ContactName]
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [%A%]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 2; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [A%]

  取相交项

  描述：查询城市是A打头的顾客和城市包含A的顾客的交集，并按照顾客名字排序
  查询句法： 
var 取相交项 = (from c in ctx.Customers where c.City.Contains("A") select c).Intersect
(from c in ctx.Customers where c.ContactName.StartsWith("A") select c).OrderBy(c => c.ContactName)
  对应SQL：
SELECT [t1].[CustomerID], [t1].[CompanyName], [t1].[ContactName], [t1].[ContactTitle], [t1].[Address], [t1].[City], [t1].[Region], [t1].[PostalCode], [t1].[Country], [t1].[Phone], [t1].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT DISTINCT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
) AS [t1]
WHERE (EXISTS(
SELECT NULL AS [EMPTY]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t2]
WHERE ([t1].[CustomerID] = [t2].[CustomerID]) AND ([t2].[ContactName] LIKE @p0)
)) AND ([t1].[City] LIKE @p1)
ORDER BY [t1].[ContactName]
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 2; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [A%]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [%A%]
  排除相交项

  描述：查询城市包含A的顾客并从中删除城市以A开头的顾客，并按照顾客名字排序
  查询句法： 
var 排除相交项 = (from c in ctx.Customers where c.City.Contains("A") select c).Except
(from c in ctx.Customers where c.ContactName.StartsWith("A") select c).OrderBy(c => c.ContactName)

  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t1].[CustomerID], [t1].[CompanyName], [t1].[ContactName], [t1].[ContactTitle], [t1].[Address], [t1].[City], [t1].[Region], [t1].[PostalCode], [t1].[Country], [t1].[Phone], [t1].[Fax]
FROM (
SELECT DISTINCT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
) AS [t1]
WHERE (NOT (EXISTS(
SELECT NULL AS [EMPTY]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t2]
WHERE ([t1].[CustomerID] = [t2].[CustomerID]) AND ([t2].[ContactName] LIKE @p0)
))) AND ([t1].[City] LIKE @p1)
ORDER BY [t1].[ContactName]
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 2; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [A%]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [%A%]
  子查询

  描述：查询订单数超过5的顾客信息
  查询句法： 
var 子查询 = from c in ctx.Customers
where
(from o in ctx.Orders group o by o.CustomerID into o where o.Count() > 5 select o.Key).Contains(c.CustomerID)
select c;
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT NULL AS [EMPTY]
FROM (
SELECT COUNT(*) AS [value], [t1].[CustomerID]
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]
GROUP BY [t1].[CustomerID]
) AS [t2]
WHERE ([t2].[CustomerID] = [t0].[CustomerID]) AND ([t2].[value] > @p0)
)
-- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [5]

  in操作
 
  描述：查询指定城市中的客户
  查询句法： 
var in操作 = from c in ctx.Customers
where new string[] { "Brandenburg", "Cowes", "Stavern" }.Contains(c.City)
select c;
  对应SQL： 
SELECT [t0].[CustomerID], [t0].[CompanyName], [t0].[ContactName], [t0].[ContactTitle], [t0].[Address], [t0].[City], [t0].[Region], [t0].[PostalCode], [t0].[Country], [t0].[Phone], [t0].[Fax]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]
WHERE [t0].[City] IN (@p0, @p1, @p2)
-- @p0: Input String (Size = 11; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Brandenburg]

-- @p1: Input String (Size = 5; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Cowes]

-- @p2: Input String (Size = 7; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Stavern]
  join

  描述：内连接，没有分类的产品查询不到
  查询句法： 
var innerjoin = from p in ctx.Products
join c in ctx.Categories
on p.CategoryID equals c.CategoryID
select p.ProductName;
  对应SQL： 
SELECT COUNT(*) AS [value]
FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
INNER JOIN [dbo].[Categories] AS [t1] ON [t0].[CategoryID] = ([t1].[CategoryID])
  描述：外连接，没有分类的产品也能查询到
  查询句法： 
var leftjoin = from p in ctx.Products
join c in ctx.Categories
on p.CategoryID equals c.CategoryID
into pro
from x in pro.DefaultIfEmpty()
select p.ProductName;
  对应SQL： 
SELECT COUNT(*) AS [value]
FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[Categories] AS [t1] ON [t0].[CategoryID] = ([t1].[CategoryID])
  你可能会很奇怪，原先很复杂的SQL使用查询句法会很简单（比如按照条件分组）。但是原先觉得很好理解的SQL使用查询句法会觉得很复杂（比如连接查询）。其实，我们还可以通过其它方式进行连接操作，在以后说DataLoadOptions类型的时候会再说。虽然Linq to sql已经非常智能了，但是对于非常复杂的查询还是建议通过存储过程实现，下次讲解如何调用存储过程。
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