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PostgreSQL的热备和恢复

  【IT168 技术文档】为什么要写这篇文章?

  因为我看了一下,国内所有的PostgreSQL教程都没有很详细的介绍该功能,而相反,国内的Oracle文章对这块非常的看重。虽然,PostgreSQL的官方文档有一个章节是介绍这块内容的,但是写得太过‘文学’化。

  的确,一个数据库的可靠性和完整性是非常重要的,否则,很难叫人们所接受它。

  本文假设读者对PostgreSQL已经有基本的认识,如果你对PostgreSQL还完全不熟悉的话,建议你先去http://www.postgresql.org看看它的Documentation.

  作为最强大的开源数据库,PostgreSQL拥有一切商业数据库所拥有的功能,甚至比商业数据库更好。在以前的版本中,它在数据恢复,可靠性方面做的不太好,但经过最近几年的发展,已经可以和Oracle媲美了。

  在PostgreSQL7的时候就引入了WAL(Write Ahead Logging)的概念,即预写日志,所有对数据库的更改,在更改之前必须写到该LOG中,这样,就算机器断电,PostgreSQL也可以从该LOG中知道数据库在断电前做了什么操作,已经做到第几步了,这样保证了所有事务的完整性,但PostgreSQL7没有提供很好的灾难恢复机制,一旦数据库崩溃,除非你曾经对数据库作过pg_dump或者file system level backup,否则,你的数据将全部丢失,并且,就算你曾经对数据库做过备份,也只能恢复到你备份的那一刻的数据,这对一个生产数据库(特别是24*7生产库)来说,是无法容忍的。

  PostgreSQL8的推出,使PostgreSQL的稳定性和可靠性又迈出了划时代的一步。除了提供对tablespace的支持外,PostgreSQL8提供了支持时间点的恢复---PITR.其基本原理和Oracle的热备份完全一样:

  首先,对数据库在file system level做一个backup(PostgreSQL是首先用pg_start_backup('label')命令,然后用tar直接tar整个data目录,假设命名为base.tar,然后pg_stop_backup();结束热备。Oracle首先是用alter tablespace xxx begin backup,然后直接cp数据文件);

  然后,备份相关的配置文件(PostgreSQL只需备份postgresql.conf,pg_hba.conf,pg_ident.conf就可以了,其实,前面的tar已经将这些文件备份了,Oracle需要alter database backup control file......);

  最后,备份WAL(可以设置postgresql.conf中的archive_command,该命令可以让PostgreSQL8自动将需要的归档的日志文件备份的其他地方中。但是注意:如果你是让PostgreSQL8调用archive_command来备份WAL的话,可能根本就做不到PITR,我做过实验,如果依靠base.tar和archive_command产生的WAL其实只能恢复到最后一个archive_command保存的WAL的数据,pg_xlog/下面可能还有数据,如果PostgreSQL8的数据目录彻底损坏的话,还是会丢失数据,所以,我建议,在写数据备份脚本的时候,最好将pg_xlog/下面的WAL也一起备份,见下面的cpArch.sh。)。

  如果数据库崩溃,我们就可以使用热备产生的base.tar和archive_command产生的WAL和我们自己备份的WAL(pg_xlog)来进行数据库的recovery.

  下面举例来说明:

  我的PostgreSQL运行在:/home/pgsql/下面数据目录在:/home/pgsql/database/将热备数据文件备份到/disk3/PostgreSQL/base/下面将WAL备份到/disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/下面

  postgresql.conf中定义了如下的archive_command:

  archive_command = 'cp -f %p /disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/%f'

  该命令会将PostgreSQL产生的WAL cp到/disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/中。

  我的热备脚本如下:

  (1)为了使丢失的数据在一分钟之内,在crontab中每分钟将pg_xlog/下面的WAL backup到/disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/。

  crontab:

  */1 * * * * /home/pgsql/bin/cpArch.sh

  cpArch.sh:

  #!/bin/sh

  cp -f /home/pgsql/database/pg_xlog/[0-9]* /disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/

  www.bitsCN.com

  (2)编写热备脚本hotBackup.pl(我用perl):

  #!/usr/bin/perl   #############################################################   # hotBackup.pl   # Use to hot backup the PostgreSQL database.   # Author:Seamus Dean   # Date:2005-04-11   ##############################################################   my($datadir) ="/home/pgsql/database";   my($bindir) ="/home/pgsql/bin";   my($backupdir) ="/disk3/PostgreSQL/base";   my($receiver) ="ljh13\@sina.com.cn";   sub begin_backup()   {   open(PSQL,"|$bindir/psql") or mail_user("begin backup error.") && exit(100);   print PSQL "select pg_start_backup('backupnow');\n";   close(PSQL);   }   sub end_backup()   {   open(PSQL,"|$bindir/psql") or mail_user("end backup error.") && exit(100);   print PSQL "select pg_end_backup();\n";   close(PSQL);   }   sub do_backup()   {   system("/bin/tar cvf base.tar $datadir");   system("/bin/mv -f base.tar $backupdir/");   }   sub mail_user()   {   my($msg) =@_; DL.bitsCN.com网管软件下载   open(MAIL,"|/bin/mail -s backup-result $receiver") or die("can not talk to:mail command.\n");   print MAIL $msg;   close(MAIL);   }   ###################################   # tell psql begin our backup   ###################################   &begin_backup();   ###################################   # do tar   ###################################   &do_backup();   ####################################   # tell psql end backup   ####################################   &end_backup();   ####################################   # mail the user about the result   ####################################   &mail_user("PostgreSQL backup successfully.");

  到这里,备份脚本基本上就完了,你可以将hotBackup.pl放在crontab中周期性的执行。

  就算/home/pgsql/database目录彻底崩溃,我们可以像下面这样迅速恢复到1分钟内的数据:

  #cp /disk3/PostgreSQL/base/base.tar ./

  #tar xvf base.tar

  #cd database/

  #vi recovery.conf

  输入如下内容:

  restore_command='cp /disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/%f "%p"'

  然后将/home/pgsql/database/pg_xlog/下面的WAL清空。

  启动PostgreSQL,我们可以看到如下的LOG信息:

  LOG: could not create IPv6 socket: Address family not supported by protocol

  LOG: database system was interrupted at 2005-04-11 23:13:28 PDT

  LOG: starting archive recovery

  LOG: restore_command = "cp /disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/%f "%p""

  cp: cannot stat `/disk3/PostgreSQL/archives/00000001.history': No such file or directory

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000002E.008EFCAC.backup" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000002E" from archive

  LOG: checkpoint record is at 0/2E8EFCAC

  LOG: redo record is at 0/2E8EFCAC; undo record is at 0/0; shutdown FALSE

  LOG: next transaction ID: 5271; next OID: 6351357

  LOG: automatic recovery in progress

  LOG: redo starts at 0/2E8EFCE8

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000002F" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000030" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000031" from archive bitsCN_com

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000032" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000033" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000034" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000035" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000036" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000037" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000038" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000039" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000003A" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000003B" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000003C" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000003D" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000003E" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000003F" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000040" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000041" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000042" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000043" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000044" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000045" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000046" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000047" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000048" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "000000010000000000000049" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000004A" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000004B" from archive

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000004C" from archive

  LOG: record with zero length at 0/4C2BABE4

  LOG: redo done at 0/4C2BABA8

  LOG: restored log file "00000001000000000000004C" from archive

  LOG: archive recovery complete

  LOG: database system is ready

  显示数据已经成功恢复。/home/pgsql/database/下面的recovery.conf会变为:recovery.done.

  结论:

  PostgreSQL8的PITR已经做得非常的成功,完全有可能替代Oracle,Sqlserver而成为企业的首选。所以,我们玩PostgreSQL的兄弟们,一定要对它有信心!

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