技术开发 频道

提高MySQL数据库查询效率的三个实用技巧

  【IT168 技术文档】MySQL数据库由于它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在数据库应用中越来越多的被采用.本文中列举了一个P2P应用开发实例,实例中使用了MySQL来保存P2P节点,由于P2P的应用中,结点数动辄上万个,而且节点变化频繁,因此一定要保持查询和插入的高效,下文中列举了使用过程中提高效率的三个有效的尝试。

  使用statement进行绑定查询

  使用statement可以提前构建查询语法树,在查询时不再需要构建语法树就直接查询.因此可以很好的提高查询的效率. 这个方法适合于查询条件固定但查询非常频繁的场合.

  使用方法是:

  绑定, 创建一个MYSQL_STMT变量,与对应的查询字符串绑定,字符串中的问号代表要传入的变量,每个问号都必须指定一个变量.

  查询, 输入每个指定的变量, 传入MYSQL_STMT变量用可用的连接句柄执行.

  代码如下:

  //1.绑定   bool CDBManager::BindInsertStmt(MYSQL * connecthandle)   {   //作插入操作的绑定   MYSQL_BIND insertbind[FEILD_NUM];   if(m_stInsertParam == NULL)   m_stInsertParam = new CHostCacheTable;   m_stInsertStmt = mysql_stmt_init(connecthandle);   //构建绑定字符串   char insertSQL[SQL_LENGTH];   strcpy(insertSQL, "insert into HostCache(SessionID, ChannelID, ISPType, "   "ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort) "   "values(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");   mysql_stmt_prepare(m_stInsertStmt, insertSQL, strlen(insertSQL));   int param_count= mysql_stmt_param_count(m_stInsertStmt);   if(param_count != FEILD_NUM)   return false;   //填充bind结构数组, m_sInsertParam是这个statement关联的结构变量   memset(insertbind, 0, sizeof(insertbind));   insertbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;   insertbind[0].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;   insertbind[0].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->sessionid;   insertbind[0].is_null = 0;   insertbind[0].length = 0;   insertbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;   insertbind[1].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;   insertbind[1].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->channelid;   insertbind[1].is_null = 0;   insertbind[1].length = 0;   insertbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;   insertbind[2].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->ISPtype;   insertbind[2].is_null = 0;   insertbind[2].length = 0;   insertbind[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;   insertbind[3].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalIP;   insertbind[3].is_null = 0;   insertbind[3].length = 0;   insertbind[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;   insertbind[4].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalPort;   insertbind[4].is_null = 0;   insertbind[4].length = 0;   insertbind[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;   insertbind[5].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalIP;   insertbind[5].is_null = 0;   insertbind[5].length = 0;   insertbind[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;   insertbind[6].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalPort;   insertbind[6].is_null = 0;   insertbind[6].is_null = 0;   //绑定   if (mysql_stmt_bind_param(m_stInsertStmt, insertbind))   return false;   return true;   }

  随机的获取记录

  在某些数据库的应用中, 我们并不是要获取所有的满足条件的记录,而只是要随机挑选出满足条件的记录. 这种情况常见于数据业务的统计分析,从大容量数据库中获取小量的数据的场合.

  有两种方法可以做到

  1. 常规方法,首先查询出所有满足条件的记录,然后随机的挑选出部分记录.这种方法在满足条件的记录数很多时效果不理想.

  2. 使用limit语法,先获取满足条件的记录条数, 然后在sql查询语句中加入limit来限制只查询满足要求的一段记录. 这种方法虽然要查询两次,但是在数据量大时反而比较高效.

  示例代码如下:

  //1.常规的方法   //性能瓶颈,10万条记录时,执行查询140ms, 获取结果集500ms,其余可忽略   int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL* connecthandle,   char * channelid, int ISPtype,   CDBManager::CHostCacheTable * &hostcache)   {   char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];   memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));   sprintf(selectSQL,"select * from HostCache   where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);   if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle,   selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //检索   return 0;   //获取结果集   m_pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);   if(!m_pResultSet) //获取结果集出错   return 0;   int iAllNumRows = (int)(mysql_num_rows(m_pResultSet)); ///<所有的搜索结果数   //计算待返回的结果数   int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)? iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;   if(iReturnNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)   {   //获取逐条记录   for(int i = 0; i   {   //获取逐个字段   m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);   if(m_Row[0] != NULL)   strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, m_Row[0]);   if(m_Row[1] != NULL)   strcpy(hostcache[i].channelid, m_Row[1]);   if(m_Row[2] != NULL)   hostcache[i].ISPtype = atoi(m_Row[2]);   if(m_Row[3] != NULL)   hostcache[i].externalIP = atoi(m_Row[3]);   if(m_Row[4] != NULL)   hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);   if(m_Row[5] != NULL)   hostcache[i].internalIP = atoi(m_Row[5]);   if(m_Row[6] != NULL)   hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);   }   }   else   {   //随机的挑选指定条记录返回   int iRemainder = iAllNumRows%iReturnNumRows; ///<余数   int iQuotient = iAllNumRows/iReturnNumRows; ///<商   int iStartIndex = rand()%(iRemainder + 1); ///<开始下标   //获取逐条记录   for(int iSelectedIndex = 0; iSelectedIndex < iReturnNumRows; iSelectedIndex++)   {   mysql_data_seek(m_pResultSet, iStartIndex + iQuotient * iSelectedIndex);   m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);   if(m_Row[0] != NULL)   strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].sessionid, m_Row[0]);   if(m_Row[1] != NULL)   strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].channelid, m_Row[1]);   if(m_Row[2] != NULL)   hostcache[iSelectedIndex].ISPtype = atoi(m_Row[2]);   if(m_Row[3] != NULL)   hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalIP = atoi(m_Row[3]);   if(m_Row[4] != NULL)   hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);   if(m_Row[5] != NULL)   hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalIP = atoi(m_Row[5]);   if(m_Row[6] != NULL)   hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);   }   } //释放结果集内容   mysql_free_result(m_pResultSet);   return iReturnNumRows;   }   //2.使用limit版   int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL * connecthandle,   char * channelid, unsigned int   myexternalip, int ISPtype, CHostCacheTable * hostcache)   {   //首先获取满足结果的记录条数,再使用limit随机选择指定条记录返回   MYSQL_ROW row;   MYSQL_RES * pResultSet;   char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];   memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));   sprintf(selectSQL,"select count(*)   from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d",   channelid, ISPtype);   if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //检索   return 0;   pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);   if(!pResultSet)   return 0;   row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);   int iAllNumRows = atoi(row[0]);   mysql_free_result(pResultSet);   //计算待取记录的上下范围   int iLimitLower = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?   0:(rand()%(iAllNumRows - RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM));   int iLimitUpper = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?   iAllNumRows:(iLimitLower + RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM);   //计算待返回的结果数   int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)?   iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;   //使用limit作查询   sprintf(selectSQL,"select SessionID, ExternalIP,   ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort "   "from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d limit %d, %d"   , channelid, ISPtype, iLimitLower, iLimitUpper);   if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //检索   return 0;   pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);   if(!pResultSet)   return 0;   //获取逐条记录   for(int i = 0; i   {   //获取逐个字段   row = mysql_fetch_row(pResultSet);   if(row[0] != NULL)   strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, row[0]);   if(row[1] != NULL)   hostcache[i].externalIP = atoi(row[1]);   if(row[2] != NULL)   hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(row[2]);   if(row[3] != NULL)   hostcache[i].internalIP = atoi(row[3]);   if(row[4] != NULL)   hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(row[4]);   }   //释放结果集内容   mysql_free_result(pResultSet);   return iReturnNumRows;   }

  使用连接池管理连接

  在有大量节点访问的数据库设计中,经常要使用到连接池来管理所有的连接.

  一般方法是:建立两个连接句柄队列,空闲的等待使用的队列和正在使用的队列.

  当要查询时先从空闲队列中获取一个句柄,插入到正在使用的队列,再用这个句柄做数据库操作,完毕后一定要从使用队列中删除,再插入到空闲队列.

  设计代码如下:

  //定义句柄队列   typedef std::list CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST;   typedef std::list::iterator CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST_IT;   //连接数据库的参数结构   class CDBParameter   {   public:   char *host; ///<主机名   char *user; ///<用户名   char *password;///<密码   char *database;///<数据库名   unsigned int port;///<端口,一般为0   const char *unix_socket;///<套接字,一般为NULL   unsigned int client_flag; ///<一般为0   };   //创建两个队列   CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsBusyList;///<正在使用的连接句柄   CONNECTION_HANDLE_LIST m_lsIdleList;///<未使用的连接句柄   //所有的连接句柄先连上数据库,加入到空闲队列中,等待使用.   bool CDBManager::Connect(char * host /* = "localhost" */,   char * user /* = "chenmin" */, \   char * password /* = "chenmin" */, char * database /* = "HostCache" */)   {   CDBParameter * lpDBParam = new CDBParameter();   lpDBParam->host = host;   lpDBParam->user = user;   lpDBParam->password = password;   lpDBParam->database = database;   lpDBParam->port = 0;   lpDBParam->unix_socket = NULL;   lpDBParam->client_flag = 0;   try   {   //连接   for(int index = 0; index < CONNECTION_NUM; index++)   {   MYSQL * pConnectHandle = mysql_init((MYSQL*) 0); //初始化连接句柄   if(!mysql_real_connect(pConnectHandle,   lpDBParam->host, lpDBParam->user, lpDBParam->password,\   lpDBParam->database,lpDBParam->port,   lpDBParam->unix_socket,lpDBParam->client_fla))   return false;   //加入到空闲队列中   m_lsIdleList.push_back(pConnectHandle);   }   }   catch(...)   {   return false;   }   return true;   }   //提取一个空闲句柄供使用   MYSQL * CDBManager::GetIdleConnectHandle()   {   MYSQL * pConnectHandle = NULL;   m_ListMutex.acquire();   if(m_lsIdleList.size())   {   pConnectHandle = m_lsIdleList.front();   m_lsIdleList.pop_front();   m_lsBusyList.push_back(pConnectHandle);   }   else //特殊情况,闲队列中为空,返回为空   {   pConnectHandle = 0;   }   m_ListMutex.release();   return pConnectHandle;   }   //从使用队列中释放一个使用完毕的句柄,插入到空闲队列   void CDBManager::SetIdleConnectHandle(MYSQL * connecthandle)   {   m_ListMutex.acquire();   m_lsBusyList.remove(connecthandle);   m_lsIdleList.push_back(connecthandle);   m_ListMutex.release();   }   //使用示例,首先获取空闲句柄,利用这个句柄做真正的操作,然后再插回到空闲队列   bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(char * sessionid)   {   MYSQL * pConnectHandle = GetIdleConnectHandle();   if(!pConnectHandle)   return 0;   bool bRet = DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(pConnectHandle, sessionid);   SetIdleConnectHandle(pConnectHandle);   return bRet;   }   //传入空闲的句柄,做真正的删除操作   bool CDBManager::DeleteHostCacheBySessionID(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid)   {   char deleteSQL[SQL_LENGTH];   memset(deleteSQL, 0, sizeof(deleteSQL));   sprintf(deleteSQL,"delete from HostCache where SessionID = '%s'", sessionid);   if(mysql_query(connecthandle,deleteSQL) != 0) //删除   return false;   return true;   }
0
相关文章